The examples you mentioned are very interesting cases too, and they are related to the British's initial days in India.
- 'Baroda' was not a 'wrong pronunciation' of Vadodara. Vadodara itself is corruption of the word 'Vatodar' (related to the Banyan trees abundant in the region) and historically the city was known as Chandanavati and later as Virkshetra. Though the name 'Vadodara' popped up in some works of poetry, the state was never ruled under that name. The exact evolution of the name is hard to track, but many of the early Dutch and British visitors referred to the place as 'Brodera'. It is from this that the name 'Baroda' was derived.
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more... During the era of the East India Company, with the company being based out of Bengla, there was a distinct Bengali influence in the way the British referred to places in other parts of the country. Having the letter 'B' instead of a 'V' sound, the predominance of the 'o' instead of 'u' (Again, Cawnpore and Bangalore) were some of the many ways in which this influence was visible.